{"id":61452,"date":"2026-07-30T23:28:17","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T21:28:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alertes-meteo.com\/?page_id=61452"},"modified":"2026-07-30T23:41:57","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T21:41:57","slug":"occurrences-des-temperatures-froides-en-france-depuis-1873","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/alertes-meteo.com\/index.php\/climatologie\/occurrences-des-temperatures-froides-en-france-depuis-1873\/","title":{"rendered":"Occurrences des Temp\u00e9ratures Froides en France Depuis 1873"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1575px;margin-left: calc(-5% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-5% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.375%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.375%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:2.375%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:2.375%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:2.375%;--awb-spacing-left-small:2.375%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><div class=\"w-full\">\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Occurrences des temp\u00e9ratures froides en France depuis 1873 : recul des jours de gel, vagues de froid plus rares et lecture des s\u00e9ries longues.<\/span><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><!--\n  OCCURRENCES DES TEMP\u00c9RATURES FROIDES EN FRANCE\n  \u00c0 coller int\u00e9gralement dans un bloc \u00ab HTML personnalis\u00e9 \u00bb de WordPress.\n-->\n\n<section class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences\" aria-labelledby=\"mcp-froid-occurrences-title\">\n  <header class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences__header\">\n    <h2 id=\"mcp-froid-occurrences-title\">\n      occurence des 0\u00b0C, \u22125\u00b0C et \u221210\u00b0C\n    <\/h2>\n    <p>\n      Cliquez sur une valeur pour afficher les occurrences correspondantes :\n    <\/p>\n  <\/header>\n\n  <div\n    class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences__choices\"\n    role=\"group\"\n    aria-label=\"Seuil de temp\u00e9rature\"\n  >\n    <button\n      class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences__choice is-active\"\n      type=\"button\"\n      data-series=\"zero\"\n      aria-pressed=\"true\"\n    >\n      \u2264 0 \u00b0C\n    <\/button>\n    <button\n      class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences__choice\"\n      type=\"button\"\n      data-series=\"minus5\"\n      aria-pressed=\"false\"\n    >\n      \u2264 \u22125 \u00b0C\n    <\/button>\n    <button\n      class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences__choice\"\n      type=\"button\"\n      data-series=\"minus10\"\n      aria-pressed=\"false\"\n    >\n      \u2264 \u221210 \u00b0C\n    <\/button>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences__chart\">\n    <canvas\n      class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences__canvas\"\n      role=\"img\"\n      aria-label=\"Histogramme interactif des occurrences annuelles de temp\u00e9ratures inf\u00e9rieures ou \u00e9gales \u00e0 0, moins 5 et moins 10 degr\u00e9s Celsius en France de 1873 \u00e0 2024\"\n    ><\/canvas>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences__help\">\n    Survolez, cliquez ou touchez une barre pour afficher sa valeur.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <div class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences__reading\" aria-live=\"polite\">\n    <span class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences__reading-threshold\">Temp\u00e9ratures \u2264 0 \u00b0C<\/span>\n    <span class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences__reading-year\">2024<\/span>\n    <strong class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences__reading-value\">16 occurrences<\/strong>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p class=\"mcp-froid-occurrences__source\">Source des donn\u00e9es : M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<style>\n  .mcp-froid-occurrences,\n  .mcp-froid-occurrences * {\n    box-sizing: border-box;\n  }\n\n  .mcp-froid-occurrences {\n    --mcp-cold-blue: #2385d7;\n    --mcp-cold-blue-dark: #07549b;\n    --mcp-cold-blue-deep: #173f78;\n    --mcp-cold-blue-soft: #edf7ff;\n    --mcp-cold-ink: #172033;\n    --mcp-cold-muted: #637083;\n    width: 100%;\n    max-width: 1080px;\n    margin: 24px auto;\n    padding: clamp(18px, 3.5vw, 34px);\n    overflow: hidden;\n    color: var(--mcp-cold-ink);\n    font-family: inherit;\n    background: #ffffff;\n    border: 1px solid #e4eaf1;\n    border-radius: 22px;\n    box-shadow: 0 12px 34px rgba(25, 50, 82, 0.09);\n  }\n\n  .mcp-froid-occurrences__header {\n    margin-bottom: 18px;\n  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color: var(--mcp-cold-blue-dark);\n    font-size: clamp(14px, 1.7vw, 17px);\n    font-weight: 800;\n    line-height: 1.4;\n    text-align: center;\n  }\n\n  .mcp-froid-occurrences__reading {\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: center;\n    flex-wrap: wrap;\n    gap: 7px 12px;\n    min-height: 50px;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    padding: 10px 16px;\n    color: var(--mcp-cold-ink);\n    background: var(--mcp-cold-blue-soft);\n    border: 1px solid #b9ddfa;\n    border-radius: 13px;\n  }\n\n  .mcp-froid-occurrences__reading-threshold {\n    color: var(--mcp-cold-blue-dark);\n    font-size: 14px;\n    font-weight: 850;\n  }\n\n  .mcp-froid-occurrences__reading-year {\n    font-size: 15px;\n    font-weight: 750;\n  }\n\n  .mcp-froid-occurrences__reading-value {\n    color: var(--mcp-cold-blue-deep);\n    font-size: 20px;\n    font-weight: 900;\n  }\n\n  .mcp-froid-occurrences__source {\n    margin: 12px 0 0;\n    color: #788395;\n    font-size: 12px;\n    line-height: 1.4;\n    text-align: right;\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width: 620px) {\n    .mcp-froid-occurrences {\n      margin: 16px auto;\n      padding: 17px 12px;\n      border-radius: 16px;\n    }\n\n    .mcp-froid-occurrences__header {\n      padding: 0 4px;\n    }\n\n    .mcp-froid-occurrences__choices {\n      gap: 5px;\n      padding: 4px;\n    }\n\n    .mcp-froid-occurrences__choice {\n      padding: 10px 3px;\n      font-size: 12px;\n    }\n\n    .mcp-froid-occurrences__chart {\n      height: 400px;\n    }\n\n    .mcp-froid-occurrences__source {\n      padding-right: 4px;\n    }\n  }\n<\/style>\n\n<script>\n  (function () {\n    \"use strict\";\n\n    var scriptElement = document.currentScript;\n    var root = scriptElement ? scriptElement.previousElementSibling : null;\n\n    while (root && !root.classList.contains(\"mcp-froid-occurrences\")) {\n      root = root.previousElementSibling;\n    }\n\n    if (!root) {\n      root = document.querySelector(\".mcp-froid-occurrences\");\n    }\n\n    if (!root || root.dataset.chartLoading === \"1\" || root.dataset.chartReady === \"1\") {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    root.dataset.chartLoading = \"1\";\n\n    var coldData = [\n      { year: 1873, zero: 45, minus5: 3, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1874, zero: 65, minus5: 13, minus10: 2 },\n      { year: 1875, zero: 64, minus5: 9, minus10: 1 },\n      { year: 1876, zero: 53, minus5: 16, minus10: 2 },\n      { year: 1877, zero: 39, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1878, zero: 62, minus5: 9, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1879, zero: 87, minus5: 39, minus10: 17 },\n      { year: 1880, zero: 48, minus5: 10, minus10: 2 },\n      { year: 1881, zero: 56, minus5: 15, minus10: 5 },\n      { year: 1882, zero: 41, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1883, zero: 38, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1884, zero: 35, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1885, zero: 56, minus5: 7, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1886, zero: 62, minus5: 10, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1887, zero: 74, minus5: 14, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1888, zero: 70, minus5: 16, minus10: 3 },\n      { year: 1889, zero: 69, minus5: 10, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1890, zero: 69, minus5: 25, minus10: 4 },\n      { year: 1891, zero: 66, minus5: 19, minus10: 3 },\n      { year: 1892, zero: 63, minus5: 16, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1893, zero: 56, minus5: 15, minus10: 5 },\n      { year: 1894, zero: 37, minus5: 6, minus10: 2 },\n      { year: 1895, zero: 75, minus5: 29, minus10: 13 },\n      { year: 1896, zero: 57, minus5: 4, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1897, zero: 47, minus5: 7, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1898, zero: 45, minus5: 4, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1899, zero: 55, minus5: 13, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1900, zero: 36, minus5: 1, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1901, zero: 73, minus5: 18, minus10: 2 },\n      { year: 1902, zero: 53, minus5: 14, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1903, zero: 54, minus5: 9, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1904, zero: 58, minus5: 6, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1905, zero: 53, minus5: 5, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1906, zero: 51, minus5: 7, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1907, zero: 49, minus5: 8, minus10: 1 },\n      { year: 1908, zero: 74, minus5: 15, minus10: 1 },\n      { year: 1909, zero: 77, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1910, zero: 33, minus5: 1, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1911, zero: 45, minus5: 3, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1912, zero: 25, minus5: 4, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1913, zero: 33, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1914, zero: 43, minus5: 13, minus10: 1 },\n      { year: 1915, zero: 52, minus5: 3, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1916, zero: 41, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1917, zero: 82, minus5: 31, minus10: 6 },\n      { year: 1918, zero: 47, minus5: 7, minus10: 2 },\n      { year: 1919, zero: 49, minus5: 7, minus10: 1 },\n      { year: 1920, zero: 42, minus5: 5, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1921, zero: 45, minus5: 9, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1922, zero: 44, minus5: 6, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1923, zero: 29, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1924, zero: 57, minus5: 4, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1925, zero: 54, minus5: 6, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1926, zero: 27, minus5: 6, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1927, zero: 38, minus5: 6, minus10: 2 },\n      { year: 1928, zero: 19, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1929, zero: 63, minus5: 23, minus10: 5 },\n      { year: 1930, zero: 34, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1931, zero: 46, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1932, zero: 43, minus5: 6, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1933, zero: 62, minus5: 18, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1934, zero: 29, minus5: 1, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1935, zero: 41, minus5: 5, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1936, zero: 39, minus5: 1, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1937, zero: 22, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1938, zero: 32, minus5: 10, minus10: 4 },\n      { year: 1939, zero: 36, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1940, zero: 66, minus5: 26, minus10: 7 },\n      { year: 1941, zero: 43, minus5: 23, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1942, zero: 70, minus5: 22, minus10: 6 },\n      { year: 1943, zero: 26, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1944, zero: 46, minus5: 5, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1945, zero: 38, minus5: 18, minus10: 2 },\n      { year: 1946, zero: 43, minus5: 19, minus10: 2 },\n      { year: 1947, zero: 60, minus5: 12, minus10: 3 },\n      { year: 1948, zero: 33, minus5: 9, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1949, zero: 39, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1950, zero: 42, minus5: 8, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1951, zero: 23, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1952, zero: 43, minus5: 1, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1953, zero: 40, minus5: 1, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1954, zero: 36, minus5: 13, minus10: 5 },\n      { year: 1955, zero: 55, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1956, zero: 56, minus5: 22, minus10: 11 },\n      { year: 1957, zero: 26, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1958, zero: 39, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1959, zero: 30, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1960, zero: 29, minus5: 6, minus10: 1 },\n      { year: 1961, zero: 22, minus5: 4, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1962, zero: 44, minus5: 8, minus10: 1 },\n      { year: 1963, zero: 66, minus5: 29, minus10: 2 },\n      { year: 1964, zero: 43, minus5: 4, minus10: 1 },\n      { year: 1965, zero: 29, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1966, zero: 19, minus5: 9, minus10: 3 },\n      { year: 1967, zero: 24, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1968, zero: 32, minus5: 5, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1969, zero: 42, minus5: 3, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1970, zero: 34, minus5: 7, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1971, zero: 27, minus5: 8, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1972, zero: 15, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1973, zero: 23, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1974, zero: 5, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1975, zero: 18, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1976, zero: 27, minus5: 4, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1977, zero: 23, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1978, zero: 34, minus5: 1, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1979, zero: 39, minus5: 6, minus10: 3 },\n      { year: 1980, zero: 30, minus5: 1, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1981, zero: 25, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1982, zero: 18, minus5: 3, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1983, zero: 30, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1984, zero: 16, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1985, zero: 49, minus5: 18, minus10: 5 },\n      { year: 1986, zero: 35, minus5: 11, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1987, zero: 49, minus5: 14, minus10: 3 },\n      { year: 1988, zero: 6, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1989, zero: 29, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1990, zero: 13, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1991, zero: 32, minus5: 5, minus10: 1 },\n      { year: 1992, zero: 22, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1993, zero: 26, minus5: 4, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1994, zero: 11, minus5: 1, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1995, zero: 17, minus5: 1, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1996, zero: 42, minus5: 5, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1997, zero: 25, minus5: 4, minus10: 1 },\n      { year: 1998, zero: 27, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 1999, zero: 16, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2000, zero: 10, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2001, zero: 18, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2002, zero: 11, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2003, zero: 30, minus5: 4, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2004, zero: 18, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2005, zero: 30, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2006, zero: 26, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2007, zero: 16, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2008, zero: 17, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2009, zero: 31, minus5: 5, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2010, zero: 54, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2011, zero: 11, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2012, zero: 22, minus5: 9, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2013, zero: 25, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2014, zero: 2, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2015, zero: 11, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2016, zero: 14, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2017, zero: 19, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2018, zero: 23, minus5: 2, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2019, zero: 11, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2020, zero: 6, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2021, zero: 16, minus5: 1, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2022, zero: 11, minus5: 1, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2023, zero: 13, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2024, zero: 16, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 },\n      { year: 2025, zero: 6, minus5: 0, minus10: 0 }\n    ];\n\n    var series = {\n      zero: {\n        label: \"\u2264 0 \u00b0C\",\n        reading: \"Temp\u00e9ratures \u2264 0 \u00b0C\",\n        color: \"#2385d7\",\n        hover: \"#07549b\"\n      },\n      minus5: {\n        label: \"\u2264 \u22125 \u00b0C\",\n        reading: \"Temp\u00e9ratures \u2264 \u22125 \u00b0C\",\n        color: \"#1269b0\",\n        hover: \"#064678\"\n      },\n      minus10: {\n        label: \"\u2264 \u221210 \u00b0C\",\n        reading: \"Temp\u00e9ratures \u2264 \u221210 \u00b0C\",\n        color: \"#173f78\",\n        hover: \"#09254c\"\n      }\n    };\n\n    var activeSeries = \"zero\";\n    var chart = null;\n\n    function formatOccurrences(value) {\n      return value + (value === 1 ? \" occurrence\" : \" occurrences\");\n    }\n\n    function setReading(point) {\n      if (!point) {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      root.querySelector(\".mcp-froid-occurrences__reading-threshold\").textContent =\n        series[activeSeries].reading;\n      root.querySelector(\".mcp-froid-occurrences__reading-year\").textContent =\n        String(point.year);\n      root.querySelector(\".mcp-froid-occurrences__reading-value\").textContent =\n        formatOccurrences(point[activeSeries]);\n    }\n\n    function selectedValues() {\n      return coldData.map(function (point) {\n        return point[activeSeries];\n      });\n    }\n\n    function updateButtons() {\n      root.querySelectorAll(\".mcp-froid-occurrences__choice\").forEach(function (button) {\n        var isActive = button.dataset.series === activeSeries;\n        button.classList.toggle(\"is-active\", isActive);\n        button.setAttribute(\"aria-pressed\", isActive ? \"true\" : \"false\");\n      });\n    }\n\n    function selectSeries(name) {\n      if (!series[name]) {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      activeSeries = name;\n      updateButtons();\n      setReading(coldData[coldData.length - 1]);\n\n      if (!chart) {\n        return;\n      }\n\n      chart.data.datasets[0].label = series[activeSeries].label;\n      chart.data.datasets[0].data = selectedValues();\n      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{\n                title: function (items) {\n                  return items.length ? \"Ann\u00e9e \" + items[0].label : \"\";\n                },\n                label: function (context) {\n                  return series[activeSeries].reading + \" : \" +\n                    formatOccurrences(context.raw);\n                }\n              }\n            }\n          },\n          scales: {\n            x: {\n              border: {\n                color: \"rgba(23, 32, 51, 0.25)\"\n              },\n              grid: {\n                display: false\n              },\n              ticks: {\n                color: \"#637083\",\n                autoSkip: false,\n                maxRotation: 0,\n                font: {\n                  size: 11,\n                  weight: \"600\"\n                },\n                callback: function (value, index) {\n                  var year = coldData[index].year;\n                  var mobile = window.matchMedia(\"(max-width: 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window.Chart !== \"undefined\") {\n          window.clearInterval(timer);\n          createChart();\n        } else if (attempts >= 40) {\n          window.clearInterval(timer);\n          root.dataset.chartLoading = \"0\";\n        }\n      }, 250);\n\n      return;\n    }\n\n    var chartScript = document.createElement(\"script\");\n    chartScript.src = \"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/chart.js@4.4.7\/dist\/chart.umd.min.js\";\n    chartScript.async = true;\n    chartScript.dataset.mcpChartjs = \"true\";\n    chartScript.addEventListener(\"load\", createChart, { once: true });\n    chartScript.addEventListener(\n      \"error\",\n      function () {\n        root.dataset.chartLoading = \"0\";\n      },\n      { once: true }\n    );\n    document.head.appendChild(chartScript);\n  })();\n<\/script><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><p>Le froid n&rsquo;a pas disparu de France \u2014 il se rar\u00e9fie. Depuis 1873, les s\u00e9ries de mesures les plus anciennes du pays racontent une histoire coh\u00e9rente : <strong>les jours de gel reculent, les vagues de froid s&rsquo;espacent, les records de froid deviennent exceptionnels<\/strong>. Pendant ce temps, les records de chaleur se multiplient. Cette asym\u00e9trie constitue l&rsquo;une des signatures les plus nettes du r\u00e9chauffement. Voici ce que r\u00e9v\u00e8lent 150 ann\u00e9es d&rsquo;observations.<\/p>\n<h2>Pourquoi remonter \u00e0 1873 ?<\/h2>\n<h3>Les plus longues s\u00e9ries fran\u00e7aises<\/h3>\n<p>L&rsquo;ann\u00e9e 1873 marque le d\u00e9but des s\u00e9ries quotidiennes exploitables pour plusieurs stations fran\u00e7aises historiques. Avant cette date, les relev\u00e9s existent mais deviennent trop fragmentaires ou trop h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes pour permettre un d\u00e9compte fiable d&rsquo;\u00e9v\u00e9nements journaliers.<\/p>\n<p>Ce point de d\u00e9part offre un avantage d\u00e9cisif : il englobe des p\u00e9riodes climatiques tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rentes, dont les hivers rigoureux de la fin du XIXe si\u00e8cle et ceux, rest\u00e9s c\u00e9l\u00e8bres, de 1929, 1956 ou 1963.<\/p>\n<h3>Compter des occurrences plut\u00f4t que moyenner<\/h3>\n<p>Une moyenne annuelle lisse tout. Le comptage d&rsquo;occurrences, lui, r\u00e9pond \u00e0 des questions concr\u00e8tes : <strong>combien de jours sous 0 \u00b0C ? Combien d&rsquo;\u00e9pisodes sous -10 \u00b0C ? Combien de vagues de froid ?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cette approche par seuils capte des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s que la moyenne masque \u2014 celles qui comptent pour l&rsquo;agriculture, l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie, la sant\u00e9 et les infrastructures.<\/p>\n<\/div><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-8902396130105212\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- bas de page -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-8902396130105212\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"7724440717\"\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><div class=\"w-full\">\n<h2>Les indicateurs du froid et leur \u00e9volution<\/h2>\n<h3>Les jours de gel<\/h3>\n<p>Un jour de gel se d\u00e9finit par une <strong>temp\u00e9rature minimale inf\u00e9rieure ou \u00e9gale \u00e0 0 \u00b0C<\/strong>. C&rsquo;est l&rsquo;indicateur le plus utilis\u00e9, car il conditionne la viticulture, l&rsquo;arboriculture et la viabilit\u00e9 hivernale des routes.<\/p>\n<p>La tendance est nette sur l&rsquo;ensemble du territoire : le nombre annuel de jours de gel diminue, avec un recul particuli\u00e8rement marqu\u00e9 depuis les ann\u00e9es 1980. Les stations de plaine du Sud-Ouest et du littoral atlantique enregistrent les baisses les plus spectaculaires en valeur relative.<\/p>\n<h3>Les jours sans d\u00e9gel<\/h3>\n<p>Plus s\u00e9v\u00e8re, ce crit\u00e8re exige une <strong>temp\u00e9rature maximale restant sous 0 \u00b0C<\/strong> sur l&rsquo;ensemble de la journ\u00e9e. Ces journ\u00e9es, autrefois r\u00e9guli\u00e8res en hiver dans le Nord-Est et sur les plateaux, deviennent rares hors zones montagneuses.<\/p>\n<h3>Les vagues de froid<\/h3>\n<p>Une vague de froid d\u00e9signe un <strong>\u00e9pisode durable de temp\u00e9ratures nettement inf\u00e9rieures aux normales sur une large partie du territoire<\/strong>. M\u00e9t\u00e9o-France en recense plusieurs dizaines depuis 1947.<\/p>\n<p>Leur fr\u00e9quence diminue, leur dur\u00e9e moyenne se raccourcit, et leur intensit\u00e9 s&rsquo;att\u00e9nue. Aucune vague de froid r\u00e9cente n&rsquo;atteint la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de f\u00e9vrier 1956, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence absolue avec des minimales descendues sous -20 \u00b0C jusque dans le Midi.<\/p>\n<h2>L&rsquo;asym\u00e9trie records chauds \/ records froids<\/h2>\n<h3>Un d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre r\u00e9v\u00e9lateur<\/h3>\n<p>Sur une s\u00e9rie longue, un climat stable produirait autant de records de chaleur que de records de froid. Ce n&rsquo;est plus le cas.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les records de chaleur battus dans les stations fran\u00e7aises d\u00e9passent largement les records de froid<\/strong>, et l&rsquo;\u00e9cart s&rsquo;accentue depuis les ann\u00e9es 1980. Beaucoup de records de froid datent encore de 1956, 1963 ou 1985 \u2014 preuve qu&rsquo;ils ne sont plus menac\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h3>Ce que cela signifie statistiquement<\/h3>\n<p>Le r\u00e9chauffement ne supprime pas la variabilit\u00e9 : il <strong>d\u00e9place l&rsquo;ensemble de la distribution vers le haut<\/strong>. Les extr\u00eames froids restent possibles, mais leur probabilit\u00e9 diminue, tandis que celle des extr\u00eames chauds augmente fortement.<\/p>\n<p>C&rsquo;est la raison pour laquelle un hiver rigoureux ne contredit jamais le r\u00e9chauffement climatique.<\/p>\n<h2>Le froid n&rsquo;a pas disparu<\/h2>\n<h3>Des \u00e9pisodes toujours possibles<\/h3>\n<p>F\u00e9vrier 2012, f\u00e9vrier 2018, avril 2021 : des \u00e9pisodes froids marquants continuent de survenir. Le gel tardif d&rsquo;avril 2021 a d&rsquo;ailleurs caus\u00e9 des d\u00e9g\u00e2ts agricoles consid\u00e9rables dans le vignoble et l&rsquo;arboriculture.<\/p>\n<h3>Un paradoxe agricole<\/h3>\n<p>Le recul du gel s&rsquo;accompagne d&rsquo;un risque paradoxal. <strong>Des printemps plus doux avancent la date de d\u00e9bourrement des v\u00e9g\u00e9taux<\/strong>, qui se retrouvent expos\u00e9s aux gel\u00e9es tardives \u00e0 un stade vuln\u00e9rable. Moins de gel, mais un gel potentiellement plus destructeur : la gestion du risque devient plus complexe, pas plus simple.<\/p>\n<h2>Comment lire correctement ces s\u00e9ries<\/h2>\n<h3>L&rsquo;homog\u00e9n\u00e9isation, condition indispensable<\/h3>\n<p>Sur 150 ans, une station change d&rsquo;abri, d&rsquo;instruments, parfois d&#8217;emplacement. L&rsquo;urbanisation environnante peut \u00e9galement cr\u00e9er un biais chaud artificiel. Les climatologues appliquent des <strong>m\u00e9thodes d&rsquo;homog\u00e9n\u00e9isation statistique<\/strong> pour corriger ces ruptures et garantir la comparabilit\u00e9 des d\u00e9cennies entre elles.<\/p>\n<h3>Ne jamais isoler une ann\u00e9e<\/h3>\n<p>Une ann\u00e9e exceptionnellement froide reste parfaitement compatible avec une tendance au r\u00e9chauffement. La variabilit\u00e9 interannuelle demeure forte en France, sous l&rsquo;influence de l&rsquo;oscillation nord-atlantique et de la circulation atmosph\u00e9rique. <strong>Seules les moyennes calcul\u00e9es sur plusieurs d\u00e9cennies poss\u00e8dent une valeur climatique.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>FAQ : vos questions sur les temp\u00e9ratures froides en France<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Y a-t-il moins de jours de gel en France qu&rsquo;avant ?<\/strong> Oui. Le nombre annuel de jours de gel diminue sur l&rsquo;ensemble du territoire, avec un recul particuli\u00e8rement net depuis les ann\u00e9es 1980. Les plaines du Sud-Ouest et le littoral atlantique enregistrent les baisses les plus fortes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quel a \u00e9t\u00e9 l&rsquo;hiver le plus froid en France ?<\/strong> F\u00e9vrier 1956 reste la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence absolue, avec des temp\u00e9ratures descendues sous -20 \u00b0C jusque dans le sud du pays. Les hivers 1962-1963 et 1879-1880 figurent \u00e9galement parmi les plus rigoureux des s\u00e9ries longues.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les vagues de froid ont-elles disparu ?<\/strong> Non. Elles restent possibles, mais leur fr\u00e9quence, leur dur\u00e9e et leur intensit\u00e9 diminuent. Aucun \u00e9pisode r\u00e9cent n&rsquo;\u00e9gale la s\u00e9v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de 1956 ou 1963.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pourquoi les gel\u00e9es tardives sont-elles plus probl\u00e9matiques ?<\/strong> Parce que la douceur printani\u00e8re avance le d\u00e9bourrement des v\u00e9g\u00e9taux. Une gel\u00e9e survenant apr\u00e8s ce stade cause des d\u00e9g\u00e2ts bien sup\u00e9rieurs, m\u00eame si elle est moins intense qu&rsquo;autrefois.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Un hiver froid remet-il en cause le r\u00e9chauffement climatique ?<\/strong> Non. Le r\u00e9chauffement d\u00e9cale la distribution des temp\u00e9ratures sans supprimer la variabilit\u00e9. Des hivers froids restent possibles, simplement moins fr\u00e9quents.<\/p>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>Cent cinquante ans d&rsquo;observations livrent un constat sans d\u00e9tour : le froid recule en France. Moins de jours de gel, moins de journ\u00e9es sans d\u00e9gel, des vagues de froid plus rares et moins s\u00e9v\u00e8res, et des records de froid qui ne tombent presque plus. Cette asym\u00e9trie avec les records de chaleur constitue une signature climatique difficile \u00e0 contester. 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